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Official Racing Charts Copyright 1946. by Triangle Publications Inc. , Arlington Park ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, ILL, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 2G, 1946-ARLINGTON PARK 1 1-8 MILES. Ninth day of thirty-six-day meeting June 17 to July 27. Arlington Park Jockey Club, Inc. Automatic starting gate. Kuprion Camera. Weather cloudy. Steward representing Illinois Racing Board, W. A. Hamilton. Stewards, Barry Whitehead, S. L. James. George Foster and W. R. Dahlstrom. Placing Judges, W A". Reagan, R. P McAuliffe. Charles Gormley, Jr., ana Clifford Hufnagel. Paddock Steward, T. A. Steele. Clerk of Scales, W. J Shelley. Assistant Clerk of Scales, Vasco Parke. Starter. Roy Dickerson. Timer, William Cunningham. Racing Secretary and Handicapper. Fred Burton. Assistant Racing Secretary, Clifford Hufnagel. Racing starts at 2:15 p. m. Chicago Daylight Time. Percentage of winning favorites corresponding meeting 1945, .32; current meeting, .22. Daily Double, first and second races. Entries run as one; field horses Individually. Five lbs apprentice allowance claimed. W Whip. S Spurs. B Blinkers. In claiming races price appears after name of Jockey. Complete finish-of each race confirmed by Kuprion Camera FIRST RACE 5 1-2 FURLONGS. Crowning Glory, July 2, 1932-1 :045-2-1 06. Purse 3,000. 2- y631"05, Maidens. Colts and geldings. Fixed weights. Weight, 116 lbs. 0 1 9 6 6 t not? at Nel vaue t0 winner ,950; second, 00; third, 00; fourth, 50. June 26-46 A.P Mutue Pool 35. jndex Horses Eqt A Wt PP St V2 Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 01048 COUNT ROUGH w116 1 7 31 31 45 11J B Nichols Augustus and Nahm 13.70 01438 WARRIOR PRINCE wb 116 3 2 21 21 2J 2h L Hansman Mr and Mrs M Weil 62.70 00957 BUSY PONY w 116 7 9 6J 62 3h 3i F A Smith C Troutt 9.40 FAMESTOWN w.116 2 6 HI 1J 1h 43J S Brooks F Frankel 3.90 011622 CAP ROCK w116 5 4 4" 41 61 5n A Bodiou Walmac Farm 2.90 00957 BALSAMAR w116 9 8 94 82 7h 6J C Wahler Bomar Stable 51.40 98341 JAY FORST w 116 11 1 81 Sh 9 7nk G South J D Weil 6.60 009573 BAREFOOT LAD wb116 6 5 7h 71 51 81 B James Mrs A L Rice 6.80 01438 SIR GALLASCENE wb116 4 3 51 5h 8" 92 D Dodson C C Tanner 6.20 01438 CHICLE RED wb116 10 10 10s 101 102 10 J Wagner Mrs K Masterson 49.10 BALHEIM wb116 8 11 11 11 11 11 J Adams L C Lantz 21.70 Time, :23, :47, 1:00, 1:06. Track fast. r Mutuels Paid v , Odds to in COUNT ROUGH 29.40 12.60 9.00 13.70 5.30 3.50 M, UtUel rriCeSj WARRIOR PRINCE 48.80 24.40 23.40 11.20 I BUSY PONY 7.20 2.60 Winner Ch. c, by Reigh Count Silver Lane, by Jim Gaffney, trained by C. J. Hall; bred by Miss Mary DeWitt Snyder. WENT TO POST-2:16i. OFF AT 2:17 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. COUNT ROUGH, never far back and well handled, came out slightly entering the stretch and, responding to vigorous urging, wore down the leaders and drew clear in the last sixteenth. WARRIOR PRINCE, forwardly placed throughout, held on willingly, but was not good enough for the winner. BUSY PONY saved ground throughout, was sent to the inside for the drive and closed strongly. FAMESTOWN went to the front early, made the pace to the final furlong, then weakened. BAREFOOT LAD was outrun. CAP ROCK was done after the half. BALSAMAR could not threaten. JAY FORST began fast, but could not keep up. SIR GALLASCENE gave way after racing well to the stretch. CHICLE RED was far back throughout. BALHEIM raced greenly. Scratched 00543 Big Geromo, 116; 01438 Gotham, 116. SECOND RACE 5-8 MILE. Black Helen, July 3, 1934-:58 2 114. Purse ,500. 2-year-olds. q -r Allowances. Non-winners of a race other than maidens. Weight, 118 lbs. Maidens On 17 0 aowed 4 bs June 26-46 A.P Nel vaUe to winner 3275; second, 00; third, 50; fourth, 75. Mutuel Pool, 15,400. Index Horses Eqt A Wt PP St A Str Fin Jockeys Owners , Odds to 00232 DELEGATE w118 7 5 5h 51 42 1J O Scurlock Woolford Farm 4.30 01162 SPRINGTIDE wb115 5 8 72 41 3i 22J D Dodson A B Hancock Jr 10.00 00526 BULLISH wb 118 4 4 3h 21 1h 32 B James Mrs E Denemark 3.40 000162 LITECO wb 115 13 21 11 21 4h D Padgett W F Mannagh 11.10 00957 EVIDENT wb118 6 10 10 91 7 51 J Adams T Piatt 2.30 01164 CONVALESCENT w118 9 2 1h 31 51 61 W Hanka Foursome Stable 21.60 00526 WISEPORT w 118 3 1 61 73 64 7 I Hanford P J Valenti 28.20 99903 TIGHT GRIP w 118 10 6 4i 61 83 82 R L Vedder Sandy Strand Stable 8.20 01162 MOUNTEBANK wb114 2 7 83 83 93 9J N L Pierson C E Lund 82.10 00460 FLYING BEN w 118 8 9 93 10 10 10 K Knott J J Farrell 29.20 Time, :23, :46, :59. Track fast. Mutuels Paid , Odds to U..f-..AI Df DELEGATE 10.60 6.80 4.60 4.30 2.40 1.30 iViiiTuei rricesj springtide 10.00 5.80 4.00 1.90 1 BULLISH . 3.60 .80 Winner Ch. g, by Maeda Brides Veil, by Polymelian, trained by E. Anspach; bred by Herbert M. Woolf. WENT TO POST-2:451. OFF AT 2:46 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. DELEGATE, away well, was taken up sharply on the upper turn, came again when clear and, bothered again nearing the stretch, came out for the . drive and, finishing strongly, disposed of the leaders in the last sixteenth. SPRINGTIDE, slow to reach serious contention, worked way forward steadily and, reaching the lead between calls near the finish, was unable to withstand the winner. BULLISH, never far back, went to the front when settled for the drive, but failed to retain his advantage under brisk handling. LITECO raced prominently to the final furlong, then tired badly. EVIDENT began slowly. CONVALESCENT was done after a half mile. TIGHT GRIP had early speed. MOUNTEBANK and FLYING BEN were far back throughout. Scratched 01438 Bright Stage, 118; 97532 Little Touch, 114; 00136 Little Geromo, 118. Daily Double on the First and Second Races Paid 01.40 Double Pool, 6,302. THIRD RACE 1 1-8 MILES. Blue Larkspur, July 4, 1 930-1 :49-4-1 21. Omaha Purse. Purse a 1 q o ?3,500. 3-year-olds. Allowances. Non-winners of two races other than claiming. U I v O O Weight, 120 lbs. Non-winners since May 11 allowed 3 lbs.; maidens, 6 lbs. June 26-46 A.P Net vaue t0 wInner ,275; second, 00; third, 50; fourth, 75. Mutuel Pool, 30,040. Index Horses EqtAWtPPSt Vfr Vfr Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 011663 MELTONIAN wb 117 6 4 21 21 21 14 1n D Dodson L L Haggin II a-1.80 015752 FOREST KING w120 2 3 3i 41 44 45 2J W Hanka Mrs H J Damm 2.50 014412 FRANKISHKING wb114 3 5 41 3h 34 2J 35 B James E F Fuller 3.60 01441 RED POMPON w114 4 1 H 11 1h 3h 43 A LoTurco H P Headley a-1.80 97224 CHARLES BENNIE wb 117 1 2 53 53 54 53 54 C Wahler Bomar Stable 7.10 01744 WELL PLAY w 115 7 7 62 63 6 68 6 N L Pierson W T Loeber 17.80 99354 PUDDLE JUMPER w 112 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 D Pruitt W M Peavey 9.80 a-Coupled, Meltonian and Red Pompon. Time, :25, :50, 1:15, 1:41, 1:53. Track fast. r- Mutuels Paid , Odds to , . . n; MELTONIAN a-Entry 5.60 3.20 2.40 1.80 .60 .20 M. utuel rricesj forest king 4.00 3.20 1.00 .60 FRANKISH KING 3.20 .60 Winner B. g, by Sir Damion Dark Polish, by Brooms, trained by E. L. Cotton; bred by Louis Lee Haggin II. WENT TO POST-3:13. OFF AT 3:13 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. MELTONIAN, forwardly placed and saving ground from the beginning, went to the front entering the stretch, then withstood a brisk drive to hold FOREST KING safe. The latter, in close quarters from the beginning, was taken to the outside on the final turn and, finishing strongly under urging, was getting to the winner at the end. FRANKISH KING, never far back but on the outside, closed willingly under punishment. RED POMPON crossed to the inside after the beginning and made the pace to the stretch, then faltered. CHARLES BENNIE, in tight quarters during the initial five furlongs, failed to rally when clear. WELL PLAY was outrun. PUDDLE JUMPER was never a serious factor. FOURTH RACE 3-4 MILE. Myrtlewood, July 22,. 1935 1:09 3 113. Eternal Purse. Purse ,500. A 1 9 A Q 3-year-ds- Allowances. Non-winners of three races other than claiming. Weight, 120 lbs. U I y O y Non-winners of ,500 or two races other than claiming allowed 3 lbs.; maidens, 8 lbs. June 26-46 A.P Net vaue l0 wInner ,275; second, 00; third, 50; fourth, 75. Mutuel Pool, 43,927. Index Horses EqtAWtPPSt V V2 Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 00344 YESN0W wb 120 6 3 22 22 22 12 S Brooks F W Hooper 2.20 01577 FORGETMENOW wb 115 5 5 12 13 12 2n J Adc. H P Headley 2.30 00960 ROSCOE GOOSE wb 120 3 6 6 6 53 34 D Dodson J Lowenstein 3.20 00525 COMELATELY wb 107 2 2 3h 3J 34 4" A McKlery WH Bishop 16.20 00960 THUNDER HOOF wb117 1 1 5 54 41 55 W Hanka W R Knebelka-n 6.10 00960 EASY TRADE wb117 4 4 44 41 6 6 F Farrell Mrs T Ott 12.90 Time, :22, :45, 1:11. Track fast. - Mutuels Paid . Odds to Muruel rricesJ forgetmenow 3.60 2.80 .so 40 I ROSCOE GOOSE 2.80 .40 Winner B. g, by Menow Annabell Lee, by Volta, trained by I. H. Parke; bred by Mrs. R. H. Anderson. WENT TO POST-3:40. OFF AT 3:41 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. YESNOW, forwardly placed and well ridden from the start, came out slightly entering the stretch and, responding to punishment, disposed of FORGETMENOW to win going away. The latter assumed command early, made the pace until nearing the finish, then weakened and could not withstand the winner. ROSCOE GOOSE, slow to begin and outrun to the final quarter, finished very fast, giving a sharp effort. COMELATELY raced evenly after the start and had no mishap. THUNDER HOOF began well, but could not keep up, appearing overmatched. EASY TRADE was outrun. Scratched 01575 Menever, 117. FIFTH RACE 7-8 MILE out of chute. Clang, July 19, 1935-1:22-3-105. Sysonby Purse. Purse O 1 9 7 D 3,510, 4year"olds and upward- Allowances. Non-winners of ,875 in 1946 or ,000 U I U any time. Weight, 120 lbs. Non-winners of two races since May 25 allowed 2 lbs.; June 26-46 A.P two races since April 10, 4 lbs.; two races in 1946, 6 lbs. Claiming races not considered. Net value to winner ,275; second, 00; third, 50; fourth, 75. Mutuel Pool, 63,225. Index Horses Eqt A Wt PP St and Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds toll 00529 BLENETTE wb5109 1 5 H 11 1J U 11 D McAndw River Divide Farm AM 01168 QUIZZLE wb8116 5 2 31 21 22 22 I Anderson A S Higgins 9.30 01167 DUQUESNE w4118 3 4 61 51 43 31 3U S Brooks Shady Brook Farm 2.70 00849 SAND STORM wb5113 7 3 51 61 63 62 4J R Campbell Mrs P Leon 6.10 99587 ADELPHIA wb5114 4 6 8 71 51 51 5J L Hansman J Fink 21.20 01443 FIRE DUST w6114 8 7 71 8 74 76 63 A Bodiou Mrs E Denemark 3.90 01165 NANCY FLY wb5 109 2 8 4h 3 31 41 7 A L Fay M G Farnsworth 17.00 005282 TOPNARD w7114 6 1 21 4h 8 8 8 A LoTurco Hilltop Stock Farm 7.20 Time, :23, :47, 1:12, 1:24. Track fast. , Mutuels Paid . Odds to D:t.BlEliEnE 10-80 6.20 4.20 4.40 2.10 1.10 M utuel rncesi quizzle 10.00 6.20 4.00 2.10 l DUQUESNE 3.20 .60 Winner Br. m, by Blenheim Giggling, by Pompey, trained by R. T. Shepp; bred by J. S. Phipps. WENT TO POST-4:07J. OFF AT 4:081 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. BLENETTE went to the front early, made the pace to the stretch under good rating, responded readily when roused for the drive and "held her advantage, despite swerving badly near the end. A claim of foul against the winner by QUIZZLES rider was not allowed by the stewards. QUIZZLE, a keen factor from the beginning, came determinedly when hard ridden through the stretch, but could not reach the winner. DUQUESNEj between horses to the upper turn, could not threaten the leaders-when set down for the drive. SANDSTORM raced wide. ADELPHIA was outrun. FIRE DUST was never dangerous. NANCY FLY gave way after racing prominently to the stretch. TOPNARD began fast, but failed to stay after going a half mile. Scratched 014442 Valdina Date, 114. SIXTH RACE 1 MILE out of chute. Equipoise, June 30, 19321:34 4 128. Sixth Running EQU,P0ISE MILE HANDICAP. 0,000 Added. 3-year-olds and upward. No penalties. 0 19 7 1 t . Net value to winner 4,200; second, ,000; third, ,000; fourth, ,500. June 26-46 A.P Mutuel poo 84680. Index Horse? Eqt A Wt PP St V V2 Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 012992 WITCH SIR w4110 3 2 1h 24 11 14 1 R Campbell L Schlosser 52.30 009623 OLD KENTUCK wb 5 106 4 8 71 61 61 4h 2h L Hansman Walmac Farm a-7.10 99288 ARMED w 5 132 11 10 102 101 81 71 3n D Dodson Calumet Farm .70 01167 AIR SAILOR w4110 7 3 5" 51 21 22 4" J Adams T D Buhl 31.70 01167 FIGHTING STEP w4 126 6 1 81 81 4n 51 5 G South Murlogg Farm 6.80 012993 EQU I FOX wb9118 10 12 12 12 101 81 6J A Bodiou H Wells a-7.10 99905 DAILY TROUBLEwb 8 110 8 11 91 91 71 6h 74 F A Smith D Straus a-7.10 01167 CHALLENGE ME wb 5 114 12 9 114 111 111 112 84 C Wahler Brolite Farm 35.10 01167 SIRIUS W5108 5 5 6h 4" 51 9" 9h D Padgett Mrs V E Smith b-10.30 995543 ALEXIS W4110 2 4 31 31 3 3h 103 K Scathorn Christiana Stable 13.40 002352 TIGER REBEL wb4111 1 6 21 1J 91 10 11 A LoTurco Brent and Talbot b-10.30 01443 DANADA RED wb4110 9 7 44 71 12 12 12 B James Mrs A L Rice 18.50 Time, :23, :46, 1:11, 1:37. Track fast. r Mutuels Paid Odds to i n WITCH SIR 106.60 30.60 7.20 - 52.30 14.30 2.60 M, UTUel rriCeSj OLD KENTUCK a-Entry 6.40 3.20 2.20 .60 I ARMED 2.60 .30 Winner Ch. g, by Sir Damion Epi Witch, by Epinard, trained by L. J. Wilson; bred by Jay D. Weil. WENT TO POST 4:42. OFF AT 4:43 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. WITCH SIR, away fast and engaging TIGER REBEL to the upper turn, disposed of the latter, then continued gamely under brisk handling and retained his advantage to the finish. OLD KENTUCK, between horses while improving his position to the stretch, was clear for the drive and closed strongly under punishment. ARMED, slow to reach his best stride and outrun early, moved up boldly approaching the stretch, was taken to the inside for the drive and, lacking racing room in the last furlong, could not overhaul the leaders. AIR SAILOR, a sharp factor from the beginning, made a good bid approaching the final turn and held on well to the end. FIGHTING STEP began fast, but could not . keep up early and, in close quarters in the drive, closed willingly. DAILY TROUBLE had a rough trip. CHALLENGE ME was outrun. SIRIUS gave way after racing prominently to the stretch. ALEXIS, forwardly placed to the final furlong, quit badly nearing the finish. TIGER REBEL went to the front after a half mile, then quit. DANADA RED was done early. Scratched-01167 Bank Balance, 100; 009622 Richmond Jac, 106; 01169 Sandslinger, 100; 01167 Sirde, 119; 013012 with Pleasure, 109; 00962 Take Wing, 110. Overweight Witch Sir, 4 pounds; Tiger Rebel, 3; Danada Red, 3. SEVENTH RACE 1 1-16 MILES turf course. My Star, June 17, 19461:453104. Upset Purse. 1 q 7 Graded Allowances Class E. Purse ,500. 3-year-olds and upward. 3-year-olds, 112 0 I y I L bs.; others, 122 lbs. Non-winners of ,575 since May 11 allowed 2 lbs.; of ,575 since June 26-46 A.P April 10, 4 lbs.; one such race in 1946, 6 lbs. Claiming races not considered. Net value to winner ,275; second, 00; third, 50; fourth, 75. Mutuel Pool, 81,689. Index Horses Eqt A Wt PP St 1A V2 Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 00169 ICANC wb4111 6 8 41 44 31 23 16 L Hansman Mrs A M Creech 16.40 00853 NICTOR wb4111 4 5 61 51 52 34 24 G Hufnagel I Solomon 8.50 011692 DONNA BRAND w 4 106 10 11 81 65 62 41 32J A Burdy H W Ostle 8.50 01302 LST AND FOUNDwb 6 120 7 2 12 4 12 4 44 G South LD Rosenthal 16.10 00853 CHERRY WINE wb5116 5 4 2h 34 24 53 52 S Brooks Happy Hour Farm 10.50 009632 SUGAR CHEST w 4 111 3 3 91 81 7h 61 61 F A Smith T Piatt 1.70 00346 ROYAL RISK wb7116 9 6 10 71 84 7 7" R Campbell Mrs Ewart and Willard 4.80 004342 PINK DEVIL w4111 2 1 51 10 92 9 83 D MacAnw River Divide Farm 11.00 01573 ILEFETCHIT wb 6 111 11 7 3 24 4 81 94 A McKley Mrs E Kohout 34.60 01575 CHANCE DANCE wb 3 106 1 10 7h 91 10 10 10 S Freeman W M Peavey 70.9O 00737 LEXINGTONIAN wb4116 8 9 Lost rider. A LoTurco A B Gay 26.20 Time, :23, :47, 1:12, 1:38, 1:45 Track fast , Mutuels Paid- , Odds to Dw:f ICANC ...r.34.80 18.60 11.20 16.40 8.30 4.60 M..i...l uruel rrices nictor 9.20 6.60 3.60 2.30 1 DONNA BRAND 6.80 2.40 Winner B. f, by Silver Hofde May See, by Rolled stocking, traine dby B. Creech; bred by D. T. Watts. WENT TO POST-5:14. OFF AT 5:14i CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won driving; second and third the same. ICANC, well ridden, saved ground while in hand to the stretch, slipped through on the inside on the final turn and, closing stoutly under urging, disposed of LOST AND FOUND, then held NICTOR safe. The latter worked his way forward steadily and, responding to strong handling in the drive, just failed to overhaul the winner. DONNA BRAND, slow to begin and outrun early, came out for the stretch run and finished fast. LOST AND FOUND went to the front early, made the pace to the final furlong, then weakened. CHERRY WINE could not keep up. SUGAR CHEST was outrun. ROYAL RISK was far back throughout. PINK DEVIL bore out badly on the turns, losing all chance. ILEFETCHIT raced very wide during the first half mile, then gave way during the drive. LEXINGTONIAN stumbled- after the start and lost rider. Scratched 00853 Florizan Ace, 111. EIGHTH RACE 1 1-8 MILES. Blue Larkspur, July 4, 1930 1:49 4 121. Purse ,000. 4-year-olds 0 1 Q 7 7 anc uPward. Claiming. Weight, 121 lbs. Non-winners since June 15 allowed 2 lbs.; I ? I $ since May 11, 4 lbs.; since April 10, 6 lbs.; in 1946, 8 lbs. Claiming price, ,000. June 26-46 A.P Net vaiue to w;nner ,g50; second, 00; third, 00; fourth, 50. Mutuel Pool, 73,619. Index Horses Eqt A Wt PP St Vfr ft Str Fin Jockeys Owners Odds to 014453 K. DURABLE wb4115 4 4 12 12 11 11 13 N L Pierson 4000 D Cataldo 3.10 010502 GUY HOTTEL W5119 2 2 33 2h 41 21 2h S Brooks 4000 W H Bishop 10.00 01572 GIANT PRINCESS w 6 111 6 5 52 3h 2h 32 321 G South 4000 J P Keezek 12.50 99715 NICOGOLD w8119 3.3 7 71 71 61 4" J Wagner 4000 Mrs F E McDonald 4.00 01445 CORYDON wb 9 113 5 6 8 61 61 72 53 W Emery 4000 J Emery 4.30 015503 SUEDE wb4113 8 8 6h 8 8 51 6" J Adams 4000 Poplar Hill Farm 17.90 01445 FIGHTING MAC wb6113 1 1 22 4h 5 4" 73 I Anderson 4000 H Tikulski 10.10 01045 CHERRY TRIFLE wb9113 7 7 4h 5 3h 8 8 D McAndw 4000 Mrs L B Muschal 4.50 Time, :24, :48, 1:15, 1:41, 1:54." Track fast. r- Mutuels Paid v , Odds to , in K. DURABLE 8.20 4.60 3.60 3.10 1.30 .80 ML utuel Prices? guy hottel 7.00 4.80 2.50 1.40 l GIANT PRINCESS 7.40 2.70 Winner Dk. b. g, by Unbreakable Dorita, by Dodge, trained by D. Cataldo; bred by Finley Bros. WENT TO POST-5:401. OFF AT 5:41 CENTRAL DAYLIGHT TIME. Start good from stall gate. Won easily; second and third driving. K. DURABLE went to the front early, made the pace to the stretch under good rating and, responding readily when shaken up on the final turn, increased his advantage thereafter. GUY HOTTEL, a keen factor from the beginning, came to the inside entering the stretch and made a game bid, but was not good enough. GIANT PRINCESS, never far back but between horses throughout, weakened when set down for the drive. NICOGOLD lacked early speed and was never dangerous. CORYDON was never dangerous. SUEDE saved ground when outrun and could not threaten when hard ridden through the stretch. FIGHTING MAC had early speed, but failed to rally when roused for the drive. CHERRY TRIFLE was done early. Overweight Giant Princess, 3 pounds. K. Durable claimed by Mrs. P. G. Johnson. Nicogold claimed by B. Finke. Fighting Mac claimed by James Sands. NINTH RACE SUBSTITUTE DECLARED OFF. Attendance, 20,000 Estimated; Total Mutuel Pool, ,232,767. Returned to Public, ,109,491, Less Breakage.
